Embelin

Embelin is indicated for the treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability and delay clinical worsening.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent autocrine and paracrine peptide. Two receptor subtypes, ET A and ET B , mediate the effects of ET-1 in the vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. The primary actions of ETA are vasoconstriction and cell proliferation, while the predominant actions of ETB are vasodilation, antiproliferation, and ET-1 clearance. Ambrisentan is a high-affinity ETA receptor antagonist with a high selectivity for the ET A versus ET B receptor (>4000-fold). The clinical impact of high selectivity for ET A is not known. The pharmacokinetics of Ambrisentan (S-Ambrisentan) in healthy subjects are dose proportional. The absolute bioavailability of Ambrisentan is not known. Ambrisentan is absorbed with peak concentrations occurring approximately 2 hours after oral administration in healthy subjects and PAH patients. Food does not affect its bioavailability. In vitro studies indicate that Ambrisentan is a substrate of P-gp. Ambrisentan is highly bound to plasma proteins (99%). The elimination of Ambrisentan is predominantly by non-renal pathways, but the relative contributions of metabolism and biliary elimination have not been well characterized. In plasma, the AUC of 4-hydroxymethyl Ambrisentan accounts for approximately 4% relative to parent Ambrisentan AUC. Thein vivo inversion of S-Ambrisentan to R-Ambrisentan is negligible. The mean oral clearance of Ambrisentan is 38 mL/min and 19 mL/min in healthy subjects and in PAH patients, respectively. Although Ambrisentan has a 15-hour terminal half-life, the mean trough concentration of Ambrisentan at steady-state is about 15% of the mean peak concentration and the accumulation factor is about 1.2 after long-term daily dosing, indicating that the effective half-life of Ambrisentan is about 9 hours.

Adult dose : Initial treatment is 5 mg once daily, and can be increased to 10 mg once daily if 5 mg is tolerated. Ambrisentan may be administered with or without food. Pediatric patients : The safety and effectiveness of Ambrisentan in pediatric patients have not been established.

Multiple dose co-administration of Embelin and Cyclosporine resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in Embelin exposure in healthy volunteers; therefore, limit the dose of Embelin to 5 mg once daily when co-administered with Cyclosporine.

Ambrisentan may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Ambrisentan is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus. Pregnancy must be excluded before the initiation of treatment with Ambrisentan and prevented during treatment and for one month after stopping treatment. Ambrisentan is contraindicated in patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) including IPF patients with pulmonary hypertension (WHO Group 3).

Decreases in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit have followed administration of other endothelin receptor antagonists and were observed in clinical studies with Embelin

Pregnancy Category X. It is not known whether Ambrisentan is excreted in human milk. Breastfeeding while receiving Ambrisentan is not recommended.

Fluid Retention : Peripheral edema is a known class effect of endothelin receptor antagonists, and is also a clinical consequence of PAH and worsening PAH. Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease : If patients develop acute pulmonary edema during initiation of therapy with vasodilating agents such as Embelin, the possibility of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease should be considered, and if con_rmed. Embelin should be discontinued. Hematological Changes : Decreases in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit have followed administration of other endothelin receptor antagonists and were observed in clinical studies with Embelin. Hepatic impairment : Embelin is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment.

Store in a cool and dry place, below 30°C. Protect from light and moisture.